@PhDThesis{Hartwig:2014:MiN4Se,
author = "Hartwig, Marcos Eduardo",
title = "Monitoramento de taludes de minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o por
interferometria diferencial com dados TerraSAR-X na Amaz{\^o}nia:
Mina de N4W, Serra de Caraj{\'a}s, Par{\'a}, Brasil",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2014",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2014-05-20",
keywords = "DInSAR, IPTA, InSAR, monitoramento de taludes de
minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o, mina de ferro de N4E , Serra de
Caraj{\'a}s, DInSAR, IPTA, InSAR, mine slope monitoring, N4E iron
mine, Caraj{\'a}s Mountain Range.",
abstract = "Taludes altos de minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o est{\~a}o intrinsicamente
sujeitos a instabiliza{\c{c}}{\~o}es, oferecendo riscos {\`a}
seguran{\c{c}}a de trabalhadores e equipamentos, podendo culminar
na interrup{\c{c}}{\~a}o moment{\^a}nea das atividades de lavra
e levar a preju{\'{\i}}zos financeiros. Tradicionalmente, como
medidas de preven{\c{c}}{\~a}o e de planejamento, s{\~a}o
utilizadas t{\'e}cnicas geot{\'e}cnicas de monitoramento
\emph{in situ} de elevada precis{\~a}o. No entanto, estes
m{\'e}todos apresentam desvantagens operacionais e
econ{\^o}micas, como o alto custo frente {\`a} dimens{\~a}o da
{\'a}rea monitorada. Neste sentido, a t{\'e}cnica de
detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o remota por Interferometria de Radar de
Abertura Sint{\'e}tica (InSAR) representa uma alternativa
poderosa, pois propicia obter uma vis{\~a}o sin{\'o}ptica da
distribui{\c{c}}{\~a}o e do estado de atividade de
deforma{\c{c}}{\~o}es superficiais de vastas {\'a}reas, na
escala de precis{\~a}o de mil{\'{\i}}metros. Esta tecnologia,
que utiliza a informa{\c{c}}{\~a}o de fase de imagens complexas
de radar adquiridas em diferentes {\'e}pocas, vem sendo utilizada
com sucesso em muitas {\'a}reas das ci{\^e}ncias da terra e
ambiental. Todavia, ainda n{\~a}o h{\'a} registros de sua
aplica{\c{c}}{\~a}o em mina ativa {\`a} c{\'e}u aberto e em
clima tropical {\'u}mido. Apesar de n{\~a}o terem causado danos
materiais ou econ{\^o}micos at{\'e} o momento,
instabiliza{\c{c}}{\~o}es foram registradas ao longo dos
{\'u}ltimos anos nos taludes de uma das maiores minas de ferro do
pa{\'{\i}}s, a de N4W, localizada a sudoeste do Estado do
Par{\'a}. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de
detectar e monitorar poss{\'{\i}}veis deslocamentos nos taludes
da Mina de N4W e seu entorno. Para tanto, foram processadas um
conjunto de 33 imagens do sat{\'e}lite TerraSAR-X, adquiridas em
{\'o}rbita ascendente, em modo \emph{StripMap}, no
per{\'{\i}}odo compreendido entre mar{\c{c}}o de 2012 e abril
de 2013. As imagens foram processadas com base em duas abordagens
interferom{\'e}tricas: DInSAR (Interferometria SAR Diferencial) e
PSI (Interferometria por Espalhadores Persistentes). Em
fun{\c{c}}{\~a}o da sazonalidade clim{\'a}tica anual da
regi{\~a}o, dividiu-se as imagens em dois conjuntos: seco e
chuvoso. Com intuito de se compreender os deslocamentos
detectados, os resultados foram verificados em campo e comparados
com mapas litoestruturais e geomec{\^a}nicos, dados
geot{\'e}cnicos, de produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o e pluviom{\'e}tricos.
Os resultados mostraram que a Mina de N4W e seu entorno
encontram-se est{\'a}veis para o per{\'{\i}}odo de
aquisi{\c{c}}{\~a}o das imagens, o que vem sendo confirmado
at{\'e} o presente momento pela equipe residente de geotecnia da
empresa Vale S.A.. As principais diferen{\c{c}}as nos resultados
referentes aos per{\'{\i}}odos seco e chuvoso foram a magnitude
dos deslocamentos e a {\'a}rea de cobertura, que se mostraram
maiores para o per{\'{\i}}odo seco (Mar{\c{c}}o a Setembro de
2012). Os artefatos atmosf{\'e}ricos determinados com a abordagem
PSI foram similares em magnitude nos per{\'{\i}}odos seco e
chuvoso, n{\~a}o ultrapassando \$\pm \$10 mm em cada um dos
interferogramas diferenciais. A presente pesquisa demonstrou pela
primeira vez, a aplicabilidade da abordagem InSAR a partir de
imagens TerraSAR-X, na detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o e monitoramento de
deslocamentos de taludes de mina {\`a} c{\'e}u aberto ativa e em
ambiente tropical {\'u}mido, abrindo grandes perspectivas de
aplica{\c{c}}{\~a}o desta tecnologia no pa{\'{\i}}s. ABSTRACT:
High mining slopes are intrinsically subjected to instabilities,
offering risks to the safety of workers and equipment, which may
lead to momentary interruptions in mining activities and economic
losses. Traditionally, terrestrial geotechnical monitoring
techniques with high precision are used as measures to prevent
accidents and for the mining planning. However, these classical
approaches show operational and economic disadvantages, such as
the high cost per unit of the monitored area. In this sense, the
remote sensing technique by interferometric synthetic aperture
radar (InSAR) represents a powerful alternative to classical
methods, since it provides a synoptic view of the distribution and
the state of activity of surface deformations over vast areas with
the precision of millimeters. InSAR exploits the phase information
of complex radar scenes acquired in different times, and has been
successfully employed in many fields of earth and environmental
sciences by researchers around the world. However, InSAR has not
yet been employed in tropical regions and in active mining
environments. Although slope instabilities have been recorded in
the high slopes of the N4W Mine, one of the most important iron
mines of Brazil, located in the southwestern portion of the State
of Par{\'a}, they have caused neither material nor economic
damages so far. In this sense, the aim of this thesis was the
detection and monitoring of possible surface displacement
affecting the slopes of the N4W iron Mine and its surroundings.
For this purpose, I have used 33 StripMap SAR scenes of the
TerraSAR-X satellite, acquired in ascending orbit track between
March 2012 and April 2013. The scenes were processed based on two
interferometric approaches: the DInSAR (Differential SAR
Interferometry) and the PSI (Persistent Scatterers
Interferometry). Due to the annual climate sazonality of the
region, the scenes were divided in two sets: one for the dry
season and the other for the wet season. With the purpose to
understand the detected displacements, the results were checked in
the field and compared to lithostructural and geomechanic maps,
geotechnical data, rainfall records and annual mining production
plans. The results have shown that most of the study area can be
considered as stable in the period covered by the scenes. This
result has been confirmed so far by the geotechnical team of Vale
S.A. The main differences obtained in the dry and wet seasons were
the magnitude of the displacements and the coverage of the
results, which have shown to be more significant for the dry
season (From March to September 2012). The atmospheric artifacts
determined by the PSI approach where similar in magnitude for both
seasons, not exceeding \$\pm\$ 10 mm in each of the
differential interferograms. This study showed for the first time,
the applicability of the InSAR technique using TerraSAR-X scenes
in active open pit mine in tropical moist environment, opening
great application prospects in the country.",
committee = "Paradella, Waldir Renato (presidente/orientador) and Mura,
Jos{\'e} Claudio (orientador) and Gama, F{\'a}bio Furlan and
Souza Filho, Pedro Walfir Martins e and Miranda, Fernando Pellon
de",
copyholder = "SID/SCD",
englishtitle = "Monitoring of mining slopes by using differential interferometry
with TerraSAR-X satellite data in the Amazon region: N4W mine,
Caraj{\'a}s mountain range, Par{\'a} state, Brazil",
language = "pt",
pages = "268",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP5W34M/3G5LJSS",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP5W34M/3G5LJSS",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}